Aso, Y, Akazan H. Prophylactic effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. BLP Study Group. Urol Int 1992;49:125-129.
Aso, Y, Akaza H, Kotake T, et al. Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. The BLP Study Group. Eur Urol 1995;27:104-109.
Bengmark S. Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora. Gut 1998 Jan;42(1):2-7. (Review)
Bernet, MF, Brassart, D, Neeser, JR, Servin, AL. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to human intestinal lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut 1994;35:483-489.
Bleichner, G, Blehaut, H, Meutec, H, Moyse, D. Saccharomyces boulardii prevents diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:517-523.
Blomberg, L, Henriiksson, A, Conway, PL. Inhibition of adhesion of Escherichia coli K88 to piglet ileal mucus by lactobacilli species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993;59:34-39.
Boddy, AV, Elmer, GW, McFarland, LV, Levy, RH. Influence of antibiotics on the recovery and kinetics of Saccharomyces boulardii in rats. Pharm Res 1991;8:796-800.
Buts, JP, Bernasconi, P, Van Craynest, MP, et al. Response of human and rat small intestinal mucosa to oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii. Pediatr Res 1986;20:192-196.
Buts, JP, Bernasconi, P, Vaerman, JP, Dive, C. Stimulation of secretory IgA and secretory component of immunoglobulins in small intestine of rats treated with Saccharomyces boulardii. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:251-256.
Caetano, JA, Parames, MT, Babo, MJ, et al. Immunopharmacological effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in healthy human volunteers. Int J Immunopharmacol 1986;8:245-259.
Clements, ML, Levine, MM, Black, RE, et al. Lactobacillus prophylaxis for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;20:104-108.
Clements ML, Levine MM, Ristaino PA, et al. Exogenous lactobacilli fed to man - their fate and ability to prevent diarrheal disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1983;7:29-37.
Coconnier, MH, Bernet, MF, Kerneis, S, et al. Inhibition of adhesion on enteroinvasive pathogens to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB decreases bacterial invasion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;110:299-306.
Cummings, J. Short-Chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut 22: 763-779, 1981. Abstract: It was found that 3 short chain fatty acids, butyrate, acetate, and propionate, compose a major solute fraction of fecal water. Basically they come from unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates which have been fermented. Of these three fatty acids, butyrate is the single biggest metabolite of fiber. It has been shown that several cell types in the colon used butyrate to help induce differentiation.
de dios Pozo-Olano, J, Warram, JH Jr, Gomez, RG, Cavazos, MG. Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler's diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1978;74:829-830.
Dias, RS, Bambirra, EA, Silva, ME, Nicoli, JR. Protective effect of Saccharomyces boulardii against the cholera toxin in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:323-325.
Dolgushina, VF. [The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection.] Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991;4:56-58. [Article in Russian]
Ducluzeau, R, Bensaada, M. Comparative effect of a single or continuous administration of "Saccharomyces boulardii" on the establishment of various strains of "candida" in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Ann Microbiol 1982;133:491-501.
Fredricsson, B, Englund, K, Nord, CE, Weintraub, L. Could bacterial vaginosis be due to the competitive suppression of lactobacilli by aerobic microorganisms? Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;33:119-123.
Fukushima Y, Kawata Y, Hara H, Terada A, Mitsuoka T. Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin A production in healthy children. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 Jun 30;42(1-2):39-44.
Abstract: The anti-infectious effect of probiotics has recently been reported and one mechanism may be the non-specific stimulation of immunity. This study was performed to elucidate the influence of a probiotic formula on intestinal microflora and local immunity in healthy children. A follow-up formula containing viable bifidobacteria was given to seven healthy Japanese children (15 to 31 months old) for 21 days. During intake of the formula, the administered strain was detected in feces from five subjects (71%) and total fecal bifidobacteria slightly increased. Fecal levels of total IgA and anti-poliovirus IgA during intake of the formula were significantly higher than those before intake (P < 0.05). The increase in local IgA levels resulting from ingestion of the probiotic formula may contribute to enhancement of the mucosal resistance against gastrointestinal infections.
Fuller R, Gibson GR. Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics and prebiotics. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997;222:28-31.
Abstract: Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the composition of the human gut microbiota. The beneficial effects may result from suppression of harmful microorganisms or stimulation of organisms which contribute in a positive way to the nutrition and health of the host. Both types of supplement represent an attempt to reconstitute the gut flora to its normal composition which has been adversely affected by dietary and environmental stresses.
Guarino A, Canani RB, Spagnuolo MI, Albano F, Di Benedetto L. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997 Nov;25(5):516-519.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea. The purposes of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as outpatients, and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion. METHODS: Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and randomly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei, strain GG. Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive, stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea. RESULTS: In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative. Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG, with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children. Six days after the onset of diarrhea, stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea. Furthermore, it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion.
Hillier, SL, Krohn, MA, Rabe, LK, et al. The normal vaginal flora, H2O2 producing Lactobacilli and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16 Suppl 4:S273-S281.
Hilton, E, Isenberg, HD, Alperstein, P, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacilli acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:353-357.
Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, Schillinger U, Huis in't Veld JH. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May 26;41(2):85-101. (Review)
Abstract: Scientific developments in recent years have opened new frontiers and enable a better understanding of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as a complex and delicately balanced ecosystem. This paper focuses on more recent information related to the microbial population of the GIT and its functional role in human physiology and health. Special attention is also given to modern approaches for improving or stabilising the intestinal system and its functioning by the deliberate application of viable microbial cultures, so-called 'probiotics', selected for special functional properties.
Kasper H. Protection against gastrointestinal diseases--present facts and future developments. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May 26;41(2):127-131.
Abstract: The importance of the intestinal microflora and, more specifically its composition, in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human GIT is becoming more evident. Examples of such processes are translocation, the production and resorption of endotoxins, immune-modulation, and colonic motility. This leads to new possibilities for prevention and therapy of diseases, mainly of the gastrointestinal organs. New discoveries are specifically related to the beneficial effects of lactobacilli which have been discussed for decades. It is possible to increase the proportion of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal microflora by consumption of fermented dairy products or by oral administration of specific non-digestible substrates such as oligofructose. Results from clinical trials and scientific studies have confirmed the preventive and therapeutic effects of selected strains of lactobacilli in viral- and bacterial-induced intestinal infections, in positively influencing immunological parameters, in normalizing the intestinal motility, and in inhibiting metabolic events in the gut lumen which promote colonic carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, there are still unresolved issues which can only be answered by well designed and well controlled clinical trials.
Klein, SM, Elmer, GW, McFarland, LV, et al. Recovery and elimination of the biotherapeutic agent, Saccharomyces boulardii, in healthy human volunteers. Pharm Res 1993;10:1615-1619.
Kollaritsch, H, Holst, H, Grobara, P, Wiedermann, G. Prevention of traveler's diarrhea with Saccharomyces boulardii. Results of a placebo controlled double-blind study. Fortschr Med 1993;111:152-156.
Korshunov, VM, Kafarskaia, LI, Volodin, NN, Tarabrina, NP. The correction of dysbiotic disorders of the vaginal microflora by using a preparation made from highly adhesive lactobacteria. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990;7:17-19.[Article in Russian]
Korshunov, VM, Sinitsyna, NA, Ginodman, GA, Pinegin, BV. Correction of intestinal microflora in chemotherapeutic dysbacteriosis using bifidobacterial and lactobacterial autologous strains. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985;9:20-25. [Article in Russian]
Kuznetsov VF, Iushchuk ND, Iurko LP, Nabokova NIu. Intestinal dysbacteriosis in yersiniosis patients and the possibility of its correction with biopreparations. Ter Arkh 1994;66:17-18. [Article in Russian]
Lankaputhra WE, Shah NP. Antimutagenic properties of probiotic bacteria and of organic acids. Mutat Res 1998 Feb 2;397(2):169-182.
Abstract: Antimutagenic activities of live and killed cells of 6 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 9 strains of bifidobacteria and of organic acids usually produced by these probiotic bacteria were determined using 8 potent chemical mutagens and promutagens. The mutagens and promutagens used were N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine; 2-nitroflourene; 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine; 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide; Aflatoxin-B; 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazoquinoline; 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo (4,5-b) pyridine, and 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido (3,3-6) indole. The mutagenicity of these mutagens and antimutagenic activity of probiotic bacteria against the mutagens were determined according to the Ames TA-100 assay using a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Efficiency of bacterial cells in binding or inhibiting these mutagens was also investigated. Live cells of probiotic bacteria showed higher antimutagenic activity and their efficiency in inhibiting the mutagens was better than killed bacterial cells. Live bacterial cells bound or inhibited the mutagens permanently, whereas killed bacteria released mutagens upon extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Among the organic acids, butyric acid showed highest inhibition of mutagens followed by acetic acid. Lactic and pyruvic acids did not show appreciable levels of inhibition.
Larvol, L, Monier, A, Besnier, P, Levecq, H. Liver abscess caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1996;20:193-195. [Article in French]
Levy J. Immunonutrition: the pediatric experience. Nutrition 1998 Jul;14(7-8):641-647. Abstract: The health benefits of specific nutrients in the diet are reviewed as they pertain to the pediatric population and its unique needs. Secretory immunoglobulins, lysozyme, interferon, and growth factors, among others, are known to confer immunological advantages to breast milk. Inhibition of bacterial pathogens, as well as permissive growth of a protective colonic ecoflora occur as a result of various cellular and biochemical mechanisms at play. The immunomodulatory properties of minerals such as iron, zinc, and selenium, are presented and the newly recognized protective role of vitamin A and its importance in developing countries and in conditions of compromised nutrition are discussed. The review also covers the role of arginine, glutamine, and nucleotides in adaptive responses of the developing gut and in pathologic states such as necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics (specific microbial feeds with potential benefits to the host), and prebiotics (dietary components such as complex carbohydrates able to change the colonic microenvironment fostering colonization with non-enteropathogens) are areas of current interest because they offer alternatives for the management of the growing problem of multiple antibiotic resistance and overwhelming infections in the hospitalized patient.
Litiaeva, LA. The effect of a combination of immune and bacterial preparations on the microbial ecology of pregnant women in a risk group. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 1993;1:19-22. [Article in Russian].
Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Sonnenborn U, Tlaskalova H. Probiotics and E.coli infections in man. Vet Q 1998;20(3 Suppl 3):S78-S81.
Abstract: After oral administration of live oral vaccines COLINFANT and MUTAFLOR prepared from non-enteropathogenic E.coli strains, both strains colonized effectively the intestine in full-term and preterm infants and remained for many weeks showing, that they were capable to establish themselves as a resident strain in the infant's gut. The presence of E.coli stimulated significantly antibody production in gut, saliva and serum of colonized infants. An early induction of secretory IgA production is important particularly in formula-fed infants, where it partly replaces the lacking immunoglobulin supplied with mother milk. In full-term and premature infants the early presence of non-pathogenic E.coli strains in the intestine decreased significantly the presence of pathogenic bacterial strains in the intestine but also other mucosal surfaces of the body. The COLINFANT strain decreased the number of nosocomial infections, mortality rate in connection with infection, and the need for antibiotics. Both strains replaced successfully pathogenic strains in carriers after treatment with antibiotics.
Majamaa H, et al. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Feb; 99(2): 179-185.
Malin, M, Suomalainen, H, Saxelin, M, Isolauri, E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab 1996;40:137-145.
Masycheva VI, Danilenko ED, Pustoshilova NM, Beliavskaia VA. [Design of stimulating agents of non-specific resistance system]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1998;4:13-17. [Article in Russian] (Review)
Abstract: The paper briefly reviews a study on the design of drugs enhancing the body's nonspecific resistance to pathogenic agents. To examine the potential regulatory effects on cytokine function was a main trend. The interferon inductor ridostin, dsRNA of microbiological origin, cytokines, as well as the recombinant probiotic strain yielding interferon alpha-2 synthesis were used as a pharmacological agent. This was shown by using a wide range of experimental models wherein these preparations activated the components of the non-specific resistance system resulting in the host's increased capacity to eliminate invasive agents and transformed cells.
Mohan, JC, Arora, R, Khalilullah, M. Preliminary observations on effect of Lactobacillus sporogenes on serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. Indian J Med Res 1990;92:431-432.
Monterisi ,A, Dain, AA, Suarez de Basnec, MC, et al. Native-valve endocarditis produced by Lactobacillus casei sub. rhamnosus refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Medicina (B Aires) 1996;56:284-286. [Article in Spanish]
Nanda, et al. Food intolerance and the IBS. Gut 30:1099-104, 1989.
Abstract: 200 patients with IBS were treated with dietary exclusion for 3 weeks. Of the 189 who completed this study, 48.2% showed symptom improvement. Subsequent challenge with individual foods showed that 73 of 91 responders remained well on a modified diet during the follow-up period of about 15 months. Of the 98 patients who showed no improvement during the trial, only 3 were symptomatically well at the time of follow up. There was a wide range of food intolerance. The majority (50%) identified 2-5 foods that upset them. The foods most commonly incriminated were dairy (40.7%) & grains (39.4%).
Pant, AR, Graham, SM, Allen, SJ, et al. Lactobacillus GG and acute diarrhoea in young children in the tropics. J Trop Pediatr 1996;42:162-165.
Parent, D, Bossens, M, Bayot, D, et al. Therapy of bacterial vaginosis using exogenously-applied Lactobacilli acidophili and a low dose of estriol: a placebo-controlled multicentric clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46:68-73.
Pecorella, G, Vasquez, E, Gismondo, MR, et al. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the intestinal ecosystem of the elderly patient. Clin Ter 1992;140:3-10. [Article in Italian]
Perdigon, G, de Macias, ME, Alvarez, S, et al. Systemic augmentation of the immune response in mice by feeding fermented milks with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Immunology 1988;63:17-23.
Plein, K, Hotz, J. Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn's disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea - a pilot study. Z Gastroenterol 1993;31:129-134.
Reid, G, Bruce, AW, Cook, RL, Llano, M. Effect on urogenital flora of antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22:43-47.
Reid, G, Bruce, AW, McGroarty, JA, et al. Is there a role for Lactobacilli in prevention of urogenital and intestinal infections? Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:335-344.
Reid, G, Bruce, AW, Taylor, M. Influence of three-day antimicrobial therapy and lactobacillus vaginal suppositories on recurrence of urinary tract infections. Clin Ther 1992;14:11-16.
Rigothier, MC, Maccario, J, Gayral, P. Inhibitory activity of saccharomyces yeasts on the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes in vitro. Parasitol Res 1994;80:10-15.
Saint-Marc, T, Rosello-Prats, L, Touraine, JL. Efficacite de Saccharomyces boulardii dans le traitment des diarrhees du AIDS. Ann Med Interne (Paris)1991;142:64-65. [letter] 39.
Salminen S, et al. Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996 Oct; 70(2-4): 347-358. Review.
Soubo, Smith, Wilmore Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract JPEN 9:608-17, 1985.
Stefanini, Bazzocchi, Prati, Lanfranchi, Gasbarrini. Efficacy of oral disodium cromoglycate in patients with IBS and positive skin tests to foods. Lancet 1:207-8, 1986.
Abstract: 28 patients were given disodium cromoglycate, which is useful for specific food allergies that are mediated through mast cells and basophils. These patients were skin pricked and then placed on an elimination diet along with 1.5gms/day of disodium cromoglycate for 8 weeks. 19 of these with + skin tests had successful remission while only 1 of 9 who had negative skin tests improved with the treatment.
Tankanow, RM, Ross, MB, Ertel, IJ, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea. DICP 1990;24:382-384.
Tannock GW. Probiotic properties of lactic-acid bacteria: plenty of scope for fundamental R & D. Trends Biotechnol. 1997 Jul; 15(7): 270-274. (Review)
Thomason, JL, Gelbart, SM, Scaglione, NJ. Bacterial vaginosis: current review with indications for asymptomatic therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1210-1217.
Use of cromolyn in combined GI allergy
JAMA 242:1169, 1979.Voichishina, LG, Chaplinskii VIa, V'iunitskaia ,VA. [The use of sporulating bacteria in treating patients with dysbacteriosis.] Vrach Delo 1991;12:73-75. [Article in Russian]
Whitehead, R., Young, G., Bhatal, P. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1215) Gut 27:1457-63, 1986. Abstract: A neoplastic cell line isolated from a 34 year old man with colon cancer was used to study the effects of various short and medium chain fatty acids on growth and differentiation. It was found that butyrate significantly inhibited the growth of these neoplastic cells.
Note: Nystatin was discovered by 2 women scientists, Rachel Brown, an organic chemist, and Elizabeth Lee Hazen, a mold researcher working for the New York State Department of Health. Hazen found many antifungal substances in the soil, but many of them were toxic. Finally, while vacationing, Hazen dug up a mold which knocked out other yeasts and molds without harming animals. Squibb and Sons met with Hazen and Brown and patented the new yeast fighting mold. They named it NY-State-in in honor of the New York State Dept. of Health. It was also agreed that royalties were to be put in a special Brown-Hazen scientific and educational fund.